Language shift in Indigenous church in Java

	late colonial	post-colonial	present
Javanese church GKJ	High Javanese	Javanese Indonesian	Indonesian 2 Javanese 1
East/Central Javanese "perankan" church	Malay	Indonesian	Indonesian 2 English
East/West Javanese  "totok" church	Hokkien Mandarin	Hokkien Mandarin Indonesian	Indonesian ?

first converted ethnic Chinese in Java

West Java	East Java	Central Java
Ang Boen Swie of Indramayu first time reading Javanese Bible borrowed from the Dutch minister J.A. W. Krol in Cirebon (p75) , baptised in 1858 (Chris Hartono 1995: 20-23, orang Tionghoa dan Pekabaran Injil) (Cooley 99-100) Mission outcome: relatively good	Oei Soei Tiong of Sidoarjo read biblical message ona irecracker paper in the factory he worked in when 18 yrd asked about it in Mojowarno, the first indigenous Christian community in E. Java (Cooley, 1968:100; Wijaya 2002: 76) john 10	Khouw Tek San of Purbalingga former alcoholic and opium addict Mrs. Oostron-Philips, the wife of the oicial utch estate in Banyumas baptised 1866 mission with a Javanese partner in evangelising both the ethnic Chinese and Javanese By 1867: 68 converted (Wolterbeek 1995:63-64 Babad Zending di Pulau Jawa; Widyapranawa1973:23 Benih yang Tumbuh)

Note:

1. More peranakan than totok become Christians (p11; whose kinship notion is more akin to bilateral kind as is among Javanese peope, see London-based Minority Rights Group World Dictionary of Minorities 1997:616)
2. Central Java has only 2 tiny totok congregation (Yahya Wijaya 2002:77-79)
3. Younger generation is more attracted to Christianity (Mely G. Tan, 1990:52 in Masikah Benih), while Leo Suryadinata still hols that most ethnic Chinese adhere to tradtional Chinese religions (1997:27 in Asian Research Trends)
4. "Chinese" in China less attracted to Christianity compared to those in the Indies
5. In East/Central Java indigenous Chrstan communites ha been established BEFORE the coming of the Dutch missiionaries (by individual Christians). (p78) so the role of Dutch mission was to help existing Christian comm.
6. it was the Javanese evangelists who first introducted Chrstanty to ethnic Chinese in these areas (Central/East Java), the first converted ethnic Chinese usually joined the indigenous congregations. Later the lang problem (79)
7. the peranak churches have made deliberate eort to abandon ethnic boundary (Wijaya:p83) although not always successful
8. GKI is mostly peranakan
9. as early as in the 60s, the ethnic Chinese churches have been geographically urban and financially strong and administratively independent. (Wijaya 81-82) compared to Javnaese churches

Pentecostalism Cooley 105-07
Foreign missoinaries: 1920s among Eurasian and ethnic Chinese
independent churches established in the 60s in Surabaya
Semarang (later become Isa Almasih)
Solo (Bethel Full Gospel)

Cooely 103 Wijaya 82 Kraemer 1958: 157
the "pribumi" congregations treated the missionaries as masters 
the Chinese treated them as workers they can use to increase the quality of services
who have no authority position in ethnic Chinese congregations